Printers.
Label printers commission new serialized identifiers at the start of an object's life. A commissioning event records that origin; the gateway validates and appends it like any other, so the object's history begins at the print, not at first scan.
POST /capturePOST /translate
History begins at the print.
"type": "ObjectEvent",
"action": "ADD",
"bizStep": "commissioning",
"epcList": [ /* the serials this run printed, as Digital Link URIs */ ],
"who": "did:human:print-operator", // asserted, graded
"spine:capturedBy": "acct:converter-plant", // stamped
// first event in each serial's history — the birth certificateIllustrative: the commissioning event a print run produces. Everything later in the object's life appends after this event; nothing precedes it.
For the engineer at the start of the chain.
A serial that exists only from first scan has an unexplained past. Commissioning at the print closes that gap: the object's history starts where the identifier did, and every later observation appends to a chain whose first link is on the record.
Proof, not adjectives. The gateway's conformance tests pass against GS1's normative artifacts. See How for the dimension, and What ships today for the dated ledger.